As we commemorate Lincoln’s birthday, it is fitting to reflect on his remarkable journey—one that was shaped by the people, places, and challenges of Illinois. From his early struggles as a laborer and store clerk to his successful law career and influential political campaigns, Lincoln’s experiences in Illinois formed the foundation of his character and convictions. His story is one of resilience, self-education, and a deep sense of responsibility toward his fellow citizens.
“President Abraham Lincoln’s influence here in Illinois is undeniable,” Rep. Mike Coffey of Springfield said. “He has inspired us all with the incredible work he did here and in our nation. Not only that, but we can all learn so much from his character and the life he lived as well”
In 1830, at the age of 21, Lincoln and his family moved to Illinois, seeking better economic opportunities. The move was not without hardship. The Lincolns settled near Decatur, where young Abraham worked tirelessly on his father's farm. He spent long hours plowing fields, splitting rails for fences, and tending to livestock. These experiences, while grueling, helped shape his perspective on labor and self-sufficiency. It was during this time that he earned the nickname “Rail Splitter,” a moniker that would later become a symbol of his grassroots appeal in politics.
Despite his limited formal education, Lincoln was a voracious reader, often borrowing books from neighbors and reading by candlelight. His thirst for knowledge and ability to articulate his thoughts set him apart from others in his community. He quickly gained a reputation for his intelligence, humor, and fairness, qualities that would serve him well in his later career. While Illinois was still a frontier state at the time, Lincoln saw its potential for growth and opportunity. It was here that he would begin to carve out a future far beyond his modest beginnings.
In 1831, Lincoln left his family’s farm and moved to New Salem, a small but bustling frontier village in Menard County. Here, he took on a variety of jobs, boatman, store clerk, surveyor, and postmaster, each adding to his life experience and understanding of people. One of his most notable ventures was co-owning a general store, Lincoln & Berry, with a business partner, but the store failed due to mismanagement. Although this setback left him in debt, it also provided him with valuable lessons in responsibility and persistence.
New Salem was also where Lincoln first stepped into the world of politics. Encouraged by local residents who admired his intelligence and honesty, he ran for the Illinois General Assembly in 1832. Although he lost this first election, the experience ignited his passion for public service. Undeterred, he continued engaging with his community, working hard to build relationships and establish himself as a leader. Two years later, he ran again, this time successfully, beginning his long and influential political career.
Lincoln’s victory in the 1834 election marked the start of his time in the Illinois General Assembly. Over the next several years, he became known for his advocacy for infrastructure improvements, education reform, and economic development. One of his most significant contributions was supporting the relocation of Illinois’ state capital from Vandalia to Springfield. He saw the move as a way to strengthen the state’s economic and political influence, and his efforts helped solidify Springfield’s importance in Illinois history.
During his time in the legislature, Lincoln also deepened his understanding of law and governance. He spent hours studying legal texts, preparing for a future that would take him beyond the halls of the state assembly. His ability to break down complex issues and communicate them effectively earned him respect among his peers. Though he was still relatively unknown outside of Illinois, he was laying the groundwork for what would eventually be a national political career.
Springfield: The Heart of Lincoln’s Legal Career
In 1837, Lincoln moved to Springfield, which had become Illinois’ new state capital. Here, he began practicing law full-time, quickly earning a reputation as a skilled and ethical attorney. He joined the law office of John T. Stuart, a partnership that would propel him into the legal spotlight. His ability to analyze cases, construct persuasive arguments, and relate to juries made him one of the most sought-after lawyers in the region.
Traveling along the Eighth Judicial Circuit, Lincoln handled a wide range of cases, from property disputes to murder trials. His commitment to justice was evident in his defense of William “Duff” Armstrong in 1858, where he famously used an almanac to disprove a witness’s testimony. His legal career not only provided him with financial stability but also reinforced his belief in the rule of law and the importance of fairness.
By the 1850s, Lincoln had shifted his focus to national issues, particularly the expansion of slavery. His opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and his debates with Senator Stephen A. Douglas in 1858 brought him widespread recognition. These debates, held across Illinois, showcased Lincoln’s moral clarity and ability to challenge the institution of slavery without alienating moderate voters.
Although Lincoln lost the Senate race to Douglas, his performance in the debates established him as a leading voice against slavery’s expansion. His speeches were printed in newspapers across the country, earning him a reputation as a rising star in the Republican Party. The debates were a pivotal moment in his career, paving the way for his eventual nomination for president.
The Road to the Presidency and Legacy in Illinois
Lincoln’s election as President in 1860 marked a turning point in American history. The country was on the brink of war, and his leadership during the Civil War tested every ounce of his strength and resolve. His decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 redefined the nation’s struggle, making the abolition of slavery a central goal of the war. Through perseverance and a commitment to unity, Lincoln guided the nation through its darkest days.
Tragically, Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, just days after the war’s conclusion. His death sent shockwaves through the country, but his impact endured. Today, Illinois proudly honors Lincoln’s memory with numerous landmarks, including the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield and the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. His legacy is a reminder that leadership, integrity, and resilience can shape not only a state but an entire nation.
Abraham Lincoln’s life and legacy are deeply rooted in the history of Illinois. From his early days splitting rails to his time as a self-taught lawyer and legislator, his journey embodies the American dream. His ability to rise above hardships, educate himself, and lead with conviction continues to inspire people across generations. As we celebrate his birthday, we honor not just the man, but the ideals he stood for; justice, perseverance, and unity.